• Pain limiting usual activities at two years.
• Physical function (PCS) at two years.

• Complications
• patient-reported outcomes of pain, functional status, activity levels, and satisfaction with care.
• Cost effectiveness.

This is a multicenter clinical trial to compare pain, physical function, and other outcomes in men with asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic inguinal hernias randomly assigned to watchful waiting without an operation, or a standard hernia repair with mesh. We studied the safety of delaying operation.

CONTEXT Many men with an inguinal hernia have minimal symptoms. Whether deferring operation is safe and a good option for some patients has not been assessed.

OBJECTIVE To compare pain and the Physical Component Score (PCS) of the SF-36 at two years in men with minimally symptomatic inguinal hernias randomized to watchful waiting (WW) or a standard tension-free hernia repair (TFR).

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS. Between January, 1999 and December, 2004 we conducted a multicenter trial of 720 men (364 WW, 356 TFR) who were followed for 2-4.5 years. Men were excluded with hernia pain interfering with activities; undetectable hernias; infection; American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status >3; recent difficulty in reducing the hernia.

INTERVENTIONS Men assigned to WW were followed at 6 months and annually and watched for hernia symptoms. Men assigned to operation received TFR, and were followed at 3 and 6 months, and annually.

Inclusion Criteria: men 18 years of age and older with asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic inguinal hernias who give informed consent to be randomized.

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Exclusion Criteria:Presence of pain limiting usual activities, difficulty in reducing hernia within last 6 weeks, undetectable hernias, local or systemic infection, ASA physical status >3, or participation in another clinical trial.

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