• ability to blind CPAP [ Time Frame: 10 weeks ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
• need for one vs. two nights of baseline sleep studies [ Time Frame: 1 night ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
• ability to screen for sleep apnea with a questionnaire [ Time Frame: 1 day ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]

The purpose of this trial is to work out design issues prior to conducting a definitive phase 3 trial to determine whether treating sleep-related breathing disorders in people with epilepsy results in improvement in seizure control or an improvement in alertness during the day.

Despite appropriate treatment with medications, individuals with epilepsy often continue to have seizures, and many suffer from excessive daytime sleepiness and poor quality of life. Evidence from case studies suggests that treatment of coexisting obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)-stoppage in breathing during sleep-can reduce the frequency of seizures in people with epilepsy that is resistant to antiepileptic medication.

In this study, individuals with symptoms of OSA and 2 or more seizures a month who meet study criteria will undergo polysomnography, a test that continuously monitors normal and abnormal physiological activity during sleep. Those individuals who test positive for OSA will be randomized to either therapeutic or placebo continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)-a mask treatment for sleep apnea-for 10 weeks, during which time seizure frequency, daytime sleepiness, health-related quality of life, and CPAP compliance will be assessed.

• Epilepsy
• Sleep Apnea
• Obstructive Sleep Apnea

• Device: continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
• Device: Placebo-CPAP

• Active Comparator: continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
• Placebo Comparator: Placebo-CPAP

• Malow BA, Foldvary-Schaefer N, Vaughn BV, Selwa LM, Chervin RD, Weatherwax KJ, Wang L, Song Y. Treating obstructive sleep apnea in adults with epilepsy: a randomized pilot trial. Neurology. 2008 Aug 19;71(8):572-7.
• Selwa LM, Marzec ML, Chervin RD, Weatherwax KJ, Vaughn BV, Foldvary-Schaefer N, Wang L, Song Y, Malow BA. Sleep staging and respiratory events in refractory epilepsy patients: Is there a first night effect? Epilepsia. 2008 Dec;49(12):2063-8. Epub 2008 May 29.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Age of 18 years or older.
• A history supportive of obstructive sleep apnea.
• Subject is able and willing to provide informed consent and to cooperate with polysomnography.
• Four or more quantifiable seizures per month.
• Subjects and their physicians agree to have their medication regimens optimized so that they are on the best regimen titrated to therapeutic benefit prior to the baseline phase of the study.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Seizures secondary to drugs, alcohol, infection, neoplasia, demyelination, metabolic illness, or progressive degenerative disease.
• Non-epileptic spells (e.g., pseudoseizures) alone or in combination with epileptic seizures.
• Narcolepsy or another primary sleep disorder that requires intervention with medications and which may affect results of study (e.g., severe periodic limb movement disorder).
• Effectively treated OSA or prior exposure to continuous positive airway pressure.
• History of poor compliance with antiepileptic medications.
• Current treatment with the vagus nerve stimulator.
• Pregnancy.
• A significant history of medical or psychiatric disease which may impair participation in the trial.
• A history of alcohol or drug abuse during the one-year period prior to trial participation.
• Evidence of medical instability (e.g., congestive heart failure, cardiac arrhythmias, pulmonary disease) due to obstructive sleep apnea.
• Subjects who are unaware of the majority of their seizures and lack a reliable witness.
• Greater than ten seizures a day.