RATIONALE: INS316 may produce a better sputum sample for laboratory analysis and may provide a less invasive method of diagnosing lung cancer.

PURPOSE: Randomized diagnostic trial to compare the effectiveness of INS316 with that of saline for sputum collection in diagnosing lung cancer in patients suspected of having lung cancer.

OBJECTIVES:

• Compare the number of lung cancer diagnoses obtained from cytological evaluation of sputum expectorated after inhalation of INS316 versus normal saline as an adjunct for spontaneous expectoration of sputum in patients with suspected lung cancer.
• Compare the relative sensitivity of sputum cytology in the diagnosis of primary lung cancer using these methods of sputum collection in these patients.
• Compare the amount of sputum collected from patients using these methods.
• Correlate the number of macrophages in sputum with the predictive likelihood of obtaining a positive diagnosis by sputum cytology in these patients.
• Determine whether specificity of sputum cytology is adversely affected by induction with INS316 in these patients.

OUTLINE: This is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel, multicenter study. Patients are stratified according to tumor size and location as visualized by chest radiography, CT scan, or positron-emission tomography scan (peripheral tumor (distal to the subsegmental bronchi) no greater than 2 cm in diameter vs peripheral tumor greater than 2 cm in diameter vs central tumor no greater than 2 cm in diameter vs central tumor greater than 2 cm in diameter). Patients are randomized to one of two arms.

Prior to dosing with sputum induction adjunct, all patients expectorate sputum spontaneously.

• Arm I: Patients receive a single dose of INS316 by inhalation.
• Arm II: Patients receive a single dose of placebo (normal saline) by inhalation.

In both arms, patients expectorate sputum during dosing, immediately after dosing, and then within 15, 30, and 60 minutes after dosing.

Patients are followed on day 1 after dosing, for up to 8 weeks until a diagnosis is made, and then up to 3 months if diagnosis is malignant.

PROJECTED ACCRUAL: Approximately 800 patients (or until 600 confirmed diagnoses of malignancy are made) will be accrued for this study.

• Drug: INS316
• Other: sputum cytology

DISEASE CHARACTERISTICS:

• Suspected of having primary lung cancer by chest radiography, CT scan, or positron-emission tomography scan with symptoms, risk profile, or history suggestive of malignancy
• No prior confirmed diagnosis for current suspicious lung tumor
• Expected to have a histological or cytological confirmation within 8 weeks after study completion
• No prior treatment for current suspicious tumor unless current lesion is recurrence of same tumor (in same location) for which prior treatment was received at least 180 days prior to study
• FEV_1 at least 40% predicted

PATIENT CHARACTERISTICS:

Age:

• 18 and over

Performance status:

• Not specified

Life expectancy:

• Not specified

Hematopoietic:

• Not specified

Hepatic:

• Not specified

Renal:

• Not specified

Other:

• Not pregnant or nursing
• Negative pregnancy test
• Fertile patients must use effective contraception
• No other concurrent comorbid condition that would preclude study participation

PRIOR CONCURRENT THERAPY:

Biologic therapy:

• See Disease Characteristics

Chemotherapy:

• See Disease Characteristics

Endocrine therapy:

• See Disease Characteristics

Radiotherapy:

• See Disease Characteristics

Surgery:

• At least 4 days since prior pulmonary fine needle aspiration biopsy
• No concurrent mediastinoscopy or thoracotomy

Other:

• At least 4 days since prior bronchoscopic examination
• At least 3 days since prior sputum induction
• At least 30 days since prior investigational drugs (including INS316) or experimental therapy
• No concurrent medication that would preclude study participation