• Drug use
• Retention
• HIV risk behaviors
• Psychosocial functioning

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the therapeutic usefulness of incorporating Motivational Enhancement Treatment into the standard drug abuse treatment entry process of Community Treatment Programs on improving treatment engagement, retention, and outcome.

Participants seeking treatment at the participating CTPs will be randomly assigned to either "standard" or "MET/MI" treatment, with a 1- and 3-month follow-up. Primary outcome measures will include (1) treatment retention (e.g., number of sessions/weeks completed, the rate of patients completing 3 or more subsequent sessions, and (2) substance use (e.g., urinalyses, days of opioid, cocaine, marijuana, alcohol use, rates of abstinence). Secondary outcomes will include motivation, psychosocial functioning, HIV risk behaviors, treatment utilization, and patient satisfaction. Process assessments will include measures of the working alliance as well as therapist adherence/competence ratings which will evaluate how effectively MET/MI was implemented. Participating CTPs will implement one of two independent protocols, depending on which is the best suited or feasible for the intake procedures at their clinic. Thus, following an invitation to participate, explanation of the study, and provision of informed consent, patients would complete a brief assessment battery followed by either: 1) Random assignment to 3 individual sessions of standard treatment (treatment as usual) at the program versus 3 individual sessions of MET. or 2) Random assignment to 1 individual standard assessment/evaluation session.

Inclusion Criteria:

Individuals will be eligible for the protocol who:

• Are seeking outpatient treatment for any substance use disorder
• Are willing to participate in the protocol (e.g., to be randomized to treatment, be contacted for follow-up assessment, to have their sessions audiotaped)
• Are able to understand and provide written informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

Individuals will be excluded who:

• Are not sufficiently medically or psychiatrically stable to participate in outpatient treatment
• Are seeking detoxification only, methadone maintenance treatment or residential inpatient treatment