Testing Educational Materials in a Paediatric Setting

• Number of pain management strategies utilized [ Time Frame: During immunization ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  The number of pain management strategies utilized during immunization injections measured post-intervention from videotapes by a blinded assessor.
  
  

• Pain during infant immunizations [ Time Frame: During immunization ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  Pain during infant immunizations, as measured by a validated measure of pain in infants, the Modified Behavioural Pain Scale (MBPS), by trained and blinded research assistants.
  
  
• Parent behaviour during infant immunizations [ Time Frame: During immunization ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  Parent behaviour during infant immunizations, as measured by Measure of Adult and Infant Soothing and Distress (MAISD) tool by trained and blinded research assistants.
  
  
• Pain during infant immunizations as reported by parents [ Time Frame: During immunization ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  Pain during immunization appointments, as reported by parents using the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS), in real-time.
  
  
• Parent-reported satisfaction with immunization experience [ Time Frame: During immunization ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  Parent-reported satisfaction with their immunization experience in their infant during immunization appointments on a 5-point Likert scale.
  
  
• Duration of infant crying during immunizations [ Time Frame: During immunization ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  Duration of infant crying during infant immunizations, measured in seconds, will be assessed from videotapes by a trained and blinded assessor.
  
  
• Pain during infant immunizations [ Time Frame: During immunizations ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  Pain during infant immunizations will be assessed by researchers, in real time, using the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS)
  
  

Immunization procedures are a common source of iatrogenic pain for infants. A recently developed clinical practice guideline led by Taddio et al. provides evidence-based recommendations for the management of immunization pain in children. User-friendly educational tools based on the guideline have also been developed, including a factsheet and educational video. The primary objective of this study is to assess whether these materials can increase utilization of pain -relieving strategies by parents during immunizations. Parents will be recruited during their infant's 2-month or 4-month scheduled visit to receive either the educational material related to immunization pain management (intervention group) or general information about immunization (control group). The study team will then follow these infants at their current and upcoming immunizations visit and document the pain management strategies utilized, infant pain responses, and parental satisfaction with pain management.