Pharmacokinetics of Micafungin in Children on Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation

• Pharmacokinetic primary endpoints [ Time Frame: Around the first and fourth doses of micafungin: 0-4h prior to and 0-30 min, 60-90 min, 2-4h, 8-10h, 12-16h, 22-24h after infusion of study drug ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  Clearance rate (CL), Volume of distribution (V), Oxygenator extraction efficacy
  
  

• Safety [ Time Frame: From Dose 1 until 7 days after the last dose ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]
  Number of adverse events (any untoward medical occurrence in humans, whether or not considered drug-related, which occurs during the conduct of a clinical trial)
  
  

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a cardiopulmonary bypass device that provides life-saving, complete respiratory and cardiac support for children who suffer refractory heart or lung failure. While on ECMO, children are at increased risk of infection, including fungal infection. Antifungal prophylaxis can potentially reduce the burden of disease in children on ECMO. Because fungal infections can result in biofilms that are difficult to treat, treatment includes not only antifungal medications but also removal of any large intravenous lines. However, catheter removal for children on ECMO is impossible; therefore, therapy relies upon optimal antifungal management alone.

Micafungin is an antifungal medication that works well against the most common fungal infections and has been shown to be safe in children. Micafungin may be particularly efficacious in children on ECMO because of the drug's ability to penetrate biofilms. However, the ECMO circuit is known to substantially alter drug levels for many drugs, resulting in important dosing changes. Appropriate micafungin dosing in this setting is unknown and sub-optimal dosing might result in therapeutic and prophylactic failure.

Standard dosing of micafungin are 4 and 2 mg per kilogram of body weight given intravenously once daily for treatment and prophylaxis, respectively. Based on preliminary data and modeling from other studies, investigators hypothesize that 8 and 4 mg per kilogram given once daily will achieve proper drug levels to respectively treat and prevent fungal infections in children under 2 years of age who are supported by ECMO. Because the ECMO circuit should have less of an impact on volume of distribution in larger children, investigators hypothesize that in children from 2 to 18 years old, standard dosing of micafungin will achieve proper drug concentrations.

Investigators hold the FDA investigational new drug application (IND #115255) to give micafungin to children on ECMO at the doses described above. Blood samples will be collected at specific times around the first and fourth micafungin doses to describe the PK and drug extraction by the ECMO circuit.