Hepatocyte Transplantation for Liver Based Metabolic Disorders

• Improvement in enzyme physiologic function at 6 months [ Time Frame: 6 months post hepatocyte transplant ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]
  After infusing donor allogeneic hepatocytes through the portal vein following preparative hepatic irradiation, improvement in enzyme physiologic function will be assessed at 6 months.
  
  

Drug: human hepatocyte transplantation

Just prior to the hepatocyte transplant, a portion of the right hepatic lobe comprising between 35-50% of the entire liver volume will be irradiated to a dose of 7.5-10 Gy in a single fraction using a linear accelerator-based stereotactic radiosurgery system with intensity-modulated radiation therapy planning (IMRT).

Transplantation of hepatocytes into the liver will be through the portal vein. The portal vein will be accessed transhepatically, by umbilical vein, or surgically by a peripheral mesenteric vein.

The subject will be evaluated de novo and if they are a candidate for orthotopic liver transplantation they will receive the transplant. Even if the subject receives the hepatocyte transplant and it does not work, they will be evaluated for orthotopic liver transplantation as if they never received the hepatocyte transplant.

Other Name: hepatocyte transplant

Management of patients with hepatic failure and liver-based metabolic disorders is complex and expensive. Hepatic failure results in impaired coagulation, altered consciousness and cerebral function, a heightened risk of multiple organ system failure, and sepsis. Liver transplantation is often the only available treatment option for severe, even if transient, hepatic failure. Patients with life-threatening liver-based metabolic disorders similarly require organ transplantation even though their metabolic diseases are typically the result of a single enzyme deficiency, and the liver otherwise functions normally. More than 17,000 patients currently await liver transplantation in the United States, a number that seriously underestimates the number of patients that need treatment, as it has been estimated that more than a million patients in the United States could benefit from transplantation. Unfortunately, use of whole liver transplantation to treat these disorders is limited by a severe shortage of donors and by the risks associated with major surgery. Hepatocyte transplantation holds great promise as an alternative to organ transplantation for the treatment of liver diseases, and numerous studies in rodents indicate that transplants consisting of isolated liver cells can correct various metabolic deficiencies of the liver and can reverse hepatic failure. The transplant procedure, which involves injection of isolated hepatocytes into the liver through the portal vein, is far less intrusive than transplantation of the whole liver and could be performed on severely ill patients with relatively low risk. In the presence of normal host liver architecture, the transplanted cells integrate into the host liver, providing considerable restorative potential. Because the native liver is not removed, the transplanted hepatocytes need only improve some of the functions of the failing liver and need not replace all hepatic functions. Although clinical trials of hepatocyte transplantation have demonstrated the long-term safety of the procedure, only partial correction of metabolic disorders has been achieved, and the degree to which donor hepatocytes have restored failing livers has not been adequate to circumvent the need for organ replacement.