HIV and Drug Use in Georgian Women (IMEDI)

• Sexual practices [ Time Frame: 3 months after randomization ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  Frequency of unprotected sexual acts in the past 30 days measured by revised risk behavior assessment
  
  
• Injection Practices [ Time Frame: 6 months after randomization ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  Frequency of sharing other injection equipment in the past 30 days measured by revised risk behavior assessment
  
  
• Injection practices [ Time Frame: 3 months after randomization ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  Frequency of sharing other injection equipment in the past 30 days measured by revised risk behavior assessment
  
  
• Sexual Practices [ Time Frame: 6 months after randomization ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  Frequency of unprotected sexual acts in the past 30 days measured by revised risk behavior assessment
  
  

• Sexual practices [ Time Frame: 3 months after randomization and 6 months after randomization ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  Unprotected sex at last encounter measured by revised risk behavior assessment
  
  
• Condom Use and Sexual Encounter Negotiation [ Time Frame: 3 months after randomization and 6 months after randomization ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  To use a condom in past 30 days and to negotiate sexual encounters in past 30 days measured by revised risk behavior assessment
  
  
• Injecting practices [ Time Frame: 3 months after randomization and 6 months after randomization ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  Frequency of sharing other injection equipment in the past 30 days measured by revised risk behavior assessment
  
  
• Drug use [ Time Frame: 3 months after randomization and 6 months after randomization ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  Frequency of opioid use in past 30 days revised risk behavior assessment plus urine test Self-Report verified by biological sample Poisson. Also frequency of stimulant use in past 30 days revised risk behavior assessment and urine test. Addiction Severity Index drug composite score.
  
  
• Alcohol Use [ Time Frame: 3 months after randomization and 6 months after randomization ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]

  Frequency of alcohol use in past 30 days Revised Risk Behavior Assessment and breath test. Self-Report verified by biological sample Poisson.

  Addiction Severity Index alcohol composite score.

  
  

Eastern Europe is an emerging epicenter of injection drug use and Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection, among women. Within Eastern Europe, the Republic of Georgia is one of the last countries where an Human Immunodeficiency Virus epidemic can still be averted. This proposal responds to RFA-DA-10-008 International Research Collaborations on Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome and Drug Use by building on the successful collaboration among United States and Eastern European investigators from the Republic of Georgia and Russia. Recent data from Georgia's neighbor, Russia, reported 59% of Injection Drug Using women Human Immunodeficiency Virus seropositive; this is a threat that looms over Georgia. Understanding the risk factors that operate in Russia that drive this epidemic may help forestall such a catastrophe in Georgia. As such, this proposal directly responds to the Eastern European Region question of "How can drug abuse treatment interventions be integrated with established Human Immunodeficiency Virus prevention approaches to optimize their combined effectiveness?" Injection drug using Georgian women show prevalence rates of 2% for Human Immunodeficiency Virus and 25% for hepatitis C. The low prevalence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Georgian women provides an important window of opportunity to intervene and avoid the possibility of a Human Immunodeficiency Virus epidemic. In Georgia, women's expected subordination to men makes women vulnerable to Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Hepatitis C infection. The public health impact of the proposed project is far-reaching. Taken to scale, our Georgian reinforcement-based treatment model holds the promise not only to lessen the possibility of a Human Immunodeficiency Virus epidemic and slow the increase in the Hepatitis C transmission rate in Georgia, but also to strongly influence the development of women-focused drug abuse intervention models for treatment tailoring and dissemination in other nations.