Antioxidant Supplementation in Pregnant Women (ASIP1)

• Preeclampsia [ Time Frame: 40 weeks ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  Preeclampsia was defined as gestational hypertension (systolic pressure ≥140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg [Korotkoff V] on ≥ 2 occasions after 20 weeks gestation) with proteinuria (> 0.3 g/day). Severe preeclampsia was defined by the presence of >1 of the following: (a) severe gestational hypertension (systolic pressure ≥160 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥110 mmHg on 2 occasions after gestational week 20), or (b) severe proteinuria (≥5g protein in a 24-h urine specimen or ≥3 g in 2 random urine samples collected ≥4 h apart)
  
  
• Preeclampsia [ Time Frame: 9 months ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  Preeclampsia was defined as gestational hypertension (systolic pressure ≥140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg [Korotkoff V] on ≥ 2 occasions after 20 weeks gestation) with proteinuria (> 0.3 g/day). Severe preeclampsia was defined by the presence of >1 of the following: (a) severe gestational hypertension (systolic pressure ≥160 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥110 mmHg on 2 occasions after gestational week 20), or (b) severe proteinuria (≥5g protein in a 24-h urine specimen or ≥3 g in 2 random urine samples collected ≥4 h apart)
  
  

• Cell-free mRNA [ Time Frame: 40 weeks ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  Secondary outcome were level of mRNA level of angiogenic factors (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (VEGFR-1), placental growth factor (PlGF) and endoglin(ENG)); antioxidant status (FRAP, heme oksigenase-1 (HO-1) and superoxide-dismutase (SOD))
  
  

Preeclampsia remains one of leading causes of maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity. Despite intensive research, the cause of preeclampsia has not been established. One of the theories is exaggeration of systemic inflammatory that might induce reactive oxygen species (ROS). It has been proposed that pregnancy will progress uneventfully if adequate antioxidant exists to buffer ROS. The ROS can induce endothelial dysfunction which leads to clinical symptoms of hypertension and proteinuria in preeclampsia. Several large randomized clinical trials of antioxidant supplementation have concluded that there were no benefits of antioxidants supplementation for prevention of preeclampsia. However, there is limited information about benefits of antioxidants in women with low antioxidant status at early gestation that deprived of the antioxidant most. Our aim, therefore, in this study was to assess whether early supplementation with milk enriched with vitamin and mineral, such as Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, carotene, vitamin B6, B12, C, E, selenium, and calcium lowers the risk of preeclampsia in women with low antioxidant status at early gestation.