Effects of Treatment of PTSD on Reduced Recall for Fear Extinction

• prefrontal hyperactivation [ Time Frame: Day 21 ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  recall test of extinction (at D21)
  
  

• neuropsychological tests [ Time Frame: Day 21 ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  two other tests will indirectly assess prefrontal hyperactivation (emotional Stroop and attentional bias)
  
  

It is estimated that nearly 70% of individuals will experiment at least once in their life a traumatic event (eg war, natural disaster, accident or assault). The psychotrauma, whose symptoms (including revivalism, hypersensitivity to the environment, anxiety, avoidance behavior), may be sustainable and thus constitute a posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). One characteristic of PTSD can be studied in the laboratory is the lack of recall of extinction of conditioned fear, caused largely by a lack of induction of hyperactivation in the prefrontal cortex. Knowing that this hyperactivation may occur in some cases of remission of symptoms of PTSD, it is possible that the deficit in recall of extinction is lifted in such cases. This idea is also supported by animal models showing that the induction of natural or artificial prefrontal hyperactivation facilitates the recall of extinction. However, no study has yet addressed so far the effects of different treatments (conventional: pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy, or rTMS: repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation) for PTSD, supposed to induce prefrontal hyperactivation and avoid the recall deficit of extinction of conditioned fear. The persistence of this deficit beyond the remission of PTSD symptoms could represent a situation with a high risk of relapse.

Objective. Our main objective is to examine performance in recall of extinction of conditioned fear on the one hand, in patients in remission of PTSD after conventional treatment and, secondly, in patients who received rTMS at 10 Hz

Population: THIS PRELIMINARY STUDY will include 9 patients with PTSD, 3 individuals in remission from PTSD, 3 psychotraumatized subjects without secondary PTSD and 3 individuals without a history of psychotrauma. These groups will be matched for age, sex and sociocultural level.

Method: All studies will be conducted at the Nice University Hospital. The pre-inclusion visit (D-7), including different clinical evaluations (MINI-DSM-IV, CAPS, PDI, Hamilton Depression Scale and Covi Anxiety), will be held at the Emergency Psychiatric Unit (Hospital Saint-Roch). The study will take place at the Psychiatry University Department and at the Neurology Exploration Department (Hospital Pasteur), where the subjects will have other clinical assessments (at D0, D17-D19, D21), the conditioning test and extinction (day 0) and recall test of extinction (at D21). The fear conditioning (measured by increases in heart rate and skin conductance) corresponds to presentations coupled with an image and tactile stimulation (the intensity of which will be chosen by the subject), while sessions of extinction and extinction recall that correspond to presentations of the image alone (without tactile stimulation). In addition to these sessions, one third of PTSD patients will be treated with rTMS at 10 Hz (D3 to D7 and D10-D14, 1 session / day), another third with placebo treatment and one third without treatment. Eventually (D21), two other tests will indirectly assess prefrontal hyperactivation (emotional Stroop and attentional bias) and self-questionnaires will be performed in all subjects immediately after the recall of extinction.

The persistent failure to recall extinction in some individuals in remission from PTSD would sign the maintenance of prefrontal dysfunction, and therefore a high risk of relapse. The induction of hyperactivation using prefrontal rTMS at 10 Hz would not only reduce symptoms of PTSD, but also reduce the risk of recurrence of these symptoms.