Chemotherapy Response Monitoring With 18F-choline PET/CT in Hormone Refractory Prostate Cancer

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Provision of written informed consent.
2. Men, over 18 years of age, with histologically-confirmed diagnosis of prostate cancer
3. History of treatment by complete androgen blockade for greater than 3 months prior to enrollment
4. Serum testosterone level < 50 ng/ml. Castrate testosterone levels must be from orchiectomy or current therapy with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist.
5. Progressive disease evidenced by 2 consecutive rises in PSA measured at least 1 week apart, with the absolute value of the latest PSA > 5.0 ng/ml.
6. A rise in PSA following anti-androgen drug withdrawal, above the last PSA value before withdrawal.
7. Patient is under the care of a medical oncologist and has agreed to treatment with a docetaxel-based chemotherapy regimen that is consistent with current standards of care.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Other co-existing malignancies or malignancies diagnosed within the last 5 years with the exception of basal cell carcinoma or superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder.
2. Serious underlying medical conditions that would otherwise impair the patient's ability to undergo imaging.
3. Patient weighs over 350 lbs (due to scanner weight limit).
4. Clinical life expectancy < 12 weeks.
5. Participated in other radioactive drug studies where estimated total cumulative dose within 1 year is > 0.05 Sievert for whole body, active blood-forming organs, eye lens, gonads, or 0.15 Sievert for other organs.
6. Concurrent Therapy. Allowed: Prior or concurrent chemotherapy, but must be > 12 weeks since last treatment at enrollment; prior or concurrent hormonal therapy; prior surgery; prior or concurrent bisphosphonate; prior or concurrent receptor/biologic agent allowed if given on study protocol (e.g., SWOG S0421: Addition of atrasentan to docetaxel/prednisone). Not allowed: concurrent radiotherapy or radioisotope therapy (e.g., strontium). Other: Prior radiotherapy or radioisotope therapy must be >12 weeks since last treatment.