• Knowledge of PTSD and effectiveness in correcting faulty, trauma-related beliefs [ Time Frame: Measured post-treatment and at 6- and 12-month follow-ups ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  
• Depression, anxiety, and other psychiatric symptoms [ Time Frame: Measured post-treatment and at 6- and 12-month follow-ups ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  
• PTSD diagnoses and symptom severity [ Time Frame: Measured post-treatment and at 6- and 12-month follow-ups ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  

• Total cost for mental health and substance abuse treatment services utilization within the University Behavioral Health Care system [ Time Frame: Measured post-treatment and at 6- and 12-month follow-ups ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  
• Quality of life and community functioning [ Time Frame: Measured post-treatment and at 6- and 12-month follow-ups ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder that can develop after experiencing a terrifying event or ordeal in which grave physical harm occurred or was threatened. People with PTSD have persistent frightening thoughts and memories about the traumatic event and may experience sleep problems, feel detached or numb, or be easily startled. Studies have shown that PTSD occurs at high rates among people with serious mental illnesses (SMI), such as bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and major depression. Research has also proven that cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is an effective PTSD treatment for caucasians living in rural areas when it is administered by a PhD-level clinician. It is not clear, however, how successful this treatment will be when it is delivered to a minority population by frontline mental health clinicians in an urban setting. This study will evaluate the effectiveness of tailored CBT in treating PTSD in people with additional mental illnesses who live in urban areas of New Jersey.

Participants in this 4- to 5-month open-label study will be randomly assigned to receive either brief PTSD treatment or CBT. Participants assigned to brief PTSD treatment will have three meetings with a therapist per week. Participants will learn about PTSD, how symptoms may be affecting their lives, and a technique for reducing anxiety associated with PTSD. Participants assigned to CBT will attend 12 to 16 counseling sessions per week or every other week. Participants will learn about PTSD and ways to decrease anxiety associated with PTSD by completing homework assignments and practicing skills learned in counseling sessions. Outcomes will be assessed for all participants through interviews that will occur immediately post-treatment, 6 months post-treatment, and 1 year post-treatment.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Meets New Jersey definition of severe mental illness (SMI), which includes a DSM-IV diagnosis of an SMI; within the 3 to 6 months prior to study entry, functional limitations in major life activities that would be appropriate for the client's developmental stage; and within 2 years prior to study entry, two or more treatment episodes of greater intensity than outpatient services (such as inpatient, emergency, or partial hospitalization care, or a single episode lasting 3 months or more) OR a normal living situation disrupted to the point that supportive services were required to maintain the patient in their home or residence, or law enforcement officials were required to intervene
• DSM-IV Axis I diagnosis of schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder, or major depression (as determined by Structured Clinical Interview)
• Diagnosis of current severe PTSD at baseline assessment (as determined by a score greater than 65 on a Clinician Administered PTSD Scale)
• Speaks English

Exclusion Criteria:

• Current diagnosis of alcohol or drug dependence
• Hospitalization or suicide attempt in the past 2 months