• The combination of all cause death, non-fatal MI, and hospitalization for unstable angina. [ Time Frame: 2-years ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  

• 1. CV death 2. Hospitalization for heart failure 3. Worsening renal failure (progression of serum creatinine by ≥0.5 mg/dL 4. Stroke or carotid revascularization procedure 5. Limb amputation or peripheral vascular disease [ Time Frame: 2-years ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  

Management of Patients Randomized to the Control Arm: Subjects randomized to the control arm will continue to be followed by their primary care physicians with the recommendation that they follow standard guidelines for management of diabetic patients.

Management of Patients Randomized to the Asymptomatic Screening Arm: Subjects randomized to the Asymptomatic Screening arm will undergo initial CT screening in the following fashion:

• Subjects with serum creatinine of < 2.0 mg/dl (men) or <1.8 mg/dL (women) will be screened using multi-slice CT angiography with contrast.
• Those with serum creatinine ≥ 2.0 mg/dl (men) or >1.8 mg/dL (women) will be screened without contrast to obtain a coronary calcium score. Further cardiac screening will be determined based on these results.

Subjects Receiving Multi-Slice CT Angiography (serum creatinine of < 2.0 mg/dl (men) or <1.8 mg/dL (women)): Subjects severe stenosis will proceed to coronary angiography and revascularization as needed. Subjects with moderate stenosis will be referred for adenosine stress cardiac MRI. If ischemia is detected, they will also be referred for coronary angiography. Subjects with either mild stenosis or normal coronary arteries will receive no further imaging studies.

Subjects Undergoing CT Evaluation for Coronary Calcium Scoring (serum creatinine ≥ 2.0 mg/dl (men) or >1.8 mg/dL (women): Subjects with coronary calcium scores >100 or >75th percentile will be referred for adenosine stress cardiac MRI. If ischemia is detected, they will be referred for coronary angiography. Subjects with coronary calcium scores = 0-10 or 11-100 and <75th percentile will receive no further imaging studies.

Medical Management (Only for those patients randomized to the Asymptomatic Screening Arm): In addition to the imaging studies and potential coronary revascularization procedures performed as described above, all subjects will be placed on one of two medical regimens:

• Standard Appropriate DM Care and
• Aggressive Risk Factor Reduction Care.

Standard Appropriate DM Care: Subjects assigned to this form of medical care will be managed by their primary physicians. This type of care will consist of targeting the goals proposed by Intermountain Healthcare for all patients with diabetes. These include the following three targets: HgA1C <7.0%, LDL cholesterol <100 mg/dL and Systolic BP<130 mm Hg. Subjects assigned to Standard Care will include all control subjects, as well as all screened subjects with either a normal CT angiogram or a coronary calcium score = 0-10.

Aggressive Risk Factor Reduction Care: Subjects assigned to this form of medical care, in addition to standard medical care provided by their primary physicians, will also be managed by their primary physicians, but will receive more aggressive risk factor reduction management according to a set of guidelines that will be given to the primary physicians. This aggressive management strategy, designed to address the increased medical risk among the asymptomatic diabetics with detected vascular disease, will consist of more aggressive glucose and lipid targets than is in the Standard Care protocols and specific medication algorithms designed to accomplish these more aggressive targets.

Follow-Up After enrollment into the protocol, all subjects will be followed for two years. Follow-up will occur by telephone at six-month intervals. Outcomes will be ascertained by directly questioning the patient and by review of medical records. All primary outcomes will be adjudicated by an independent events committee. At 24 months, the SF-12 questionnaire will be mailed to all the participants to determine their physical and mental status.