• time to defaecation, measured in days, from the time the laparoscopic surgery ends till the first observed passage of stool
  

• time of first passing flatus reported by the patients (days)
  
• time to resume normal diet (days)
  
• time to walk independently (days)
  
• duration of hospital stay (days)
  
• pain scores on visual analogue scale (from 0 which implies no pain at all, to 10 which implies the worst pain imaginable) on the first 3 postoperative days
  
• postoperative analgesic requirement (number of doses on 50-mg Pethidine).
  

Postoperative ileus remains a significant medical problem after colorectal surgery that adversely influences patients’ recovery and prolongs hospital stay. In fact, a substantial portion of the overall hospitalisation period after colorectal surgery is attributed to the time it takes for ileus to resolve. Different treatment modalities including thoracic epidural analgesia, pharmacological therapy, early enteral feeding, and early mobilisation have been attempted, but none has an established role as a specific remedy for postoperative ileus. Although laparoscopic colorectal surgery has been proven to be associated with better short-term clinical outcomes including faster return of gastrointestinal function than open surgery, the duration of postoperative ileus in the laparoscopic arm is still reported to be as long as 4 days (which is just about 1 day earlier than that in the open arm) in most of the randomised trials. Additional measures are thus necessary to further enhance the gastrointestinal recovery after laparoscopic colorectal surgery in order to maximise its benefits, and acupuncture may be one of the options. Acupuncture is widely accepted in China as well as throughout the world as an effective treatment option for the management of postoperative nausea and vomiting and various functional gastrointestinal disorders. Its role in treating postoperative ileus, however, is less clear, and data from the Chinese as well as the Western literature are scarce. Besides, the heterogeneity of the study designs and flaws in methodology of the reported studies have made interpretation of these data difficult. Results of the present study can provide evidence-based clarification of the role of acupuncture in treating postoperative ileus after laparoscopic colorectal surgery.

If the hypothesis is proven to be correct and substantiated by further studies, the incorporation of electroacupuncture into any fast-track recovery programmes after laparoscopic, open, or even emergency colorectal surgery should be considered. As laparoscopic colorectal surgery has been shown to have higher direct cost than the open counterpart, a faster postoperative recovery may help to reduce the financial burden to the hospital and improve the cost-effectiveness of the procedure.

Patients will be enrolled into the study if all the inclusion and exclusion criteria are satisfied after the laparoscopic surgery. Randomisation will be done shortly after surgery. Patients will be randomised to receive either medical acupuncture (MA group), sham acupuncture (SA group), or no acupuncture (NA group). The medical acupuncturist is the only individual who is aware of the treatment allocation; patients of the MA and SA groups are blinded to the treatment. The patients randomised to the MA and SA groups will undergo 1 session of acupuncture daily from postoperative day 1 till day 4. Adverse events associated with acupuncture including bleeding, dizziness, excessive pain, and allergic reaction will be closely monitored. The acupuncture needle will be immediately withdrawn if these events occur.

The postoperative management of all patients will be standardised. Pethidine 1mg/kg as postoperative analgesia will be given every 4-hourly on demand.

Early ambulation will be encouraged. Oral feeding will be resumed as soon as gastrointestinal function returns clinically (no nausea or vomiting, no abdominal distension, passage of flatus or stool). No gum chewing will be allowed. Patients will be discharged when they tolerate diet and are fully ambulatory.