• Relapse to heroin addiction (measured at Months 1 and 6) [ Time Frame: 6 months ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]
  

• Time to dropout for treatment [ Time Frame: 6 months ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]
  
• positive opioid urine test [ Time Frame: 6 months ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]
  
• use of alcohol and other drugs [ Time Frame: 6 months ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]
  
• psychiatric symptoms [ Time Frame: 6 months ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]
  
• HIV risk (measured at Months 1, 6, 9, and 12) [ Time Frame: 6 months ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]
  

The usual treatment of heroin addiction in Russia involves detoxification and 2-4 weeks of rehabilitation with referral to outpatient follow-up. Though most patients complete inpatient treatment, few keep follow-up appointments and relapse rates are high. More effective therapies are needed, especially in view of the epidemic of heroin addiction that has resulted in the spread of HIV and other infectious diseases. A recently-completed study of 52 patients randomized to oral naltrexone (ON) or oral naltrexone placebo (ONP) has shown efficacy in preventing relapse and reducing HIV risk but dropout was a problem with only 44% of ON patients proven to have not relapsed by 6 months (as compared to 16% of ONP patients). A larger study of 280 patients randomized to ON or ONP replicated these results and found some indication that adding an SSRI to naltrexone may improve its efficacy in women, probably because they tend to have higher levels of psychiatric symptoms than men. We think that retention and outcome can be improved by using a longer acting naltrexone preparation, and in this study we propose to compare ON with a depot naltrexone implant (DNI) that is manufactured and approved for use in Russia, and provides opioid blockade for 8-10 weeks. We will use a placebo-controlled, double-blind/double-dummy design since a placebo-controlled trial is required by the Russian equivalent of our FDA as a condition for testing a pharmacotherapy. Participants will be male and female heroin addicts who have been detoxified in addiction treatment hospitals or outpatient settings in St. Petersburg and have a family member willing and able to supervise medication adherence and facilitate follow-up. After giving informed consent and confirming the absence of physiologic dependence, 300 patients will be randomly assigned to a 6-month treatment in one of three groups of 100 each: oral naltrexone (ON) + depot naltrexone implant placebo (DNIP); oral naltrexone placebo (ONP) + depot naltrexone implant (DNI); or ONP + DNIP. All patients will receive biweekly clinical management/adherence enhancement counseling. Assessments will be done at baseline, at each biweekly appointment during the 6-months of medication treatment, and at 3 and 6 months following the end of study medication. Primary outcome will be the relapse free proportion at months 1-6; secondary outcomes will be time to dropout, opioid positive urines, HIV risk, use of alcohol and other drugs, psychiatric symptoms, and other measures of overall adjustment. We hypothesize that outcomes will be better with DNI than ON, and that each will be more effective than placebo.