This study will try to identify and understand the genetic factors that lead to inner ear malformation called "enlarged vestibular aqueducts", that can lead to hearing loss.

Patients with sensorineural hearing loss with or without inner ear malformations and their parents and siblings may be eligible for this study. Participants and their immediate family members, may undergo some or all of the following tests and procedures:

• Medical and family history, including questions about hearing, balance and other ear-related issues, and review of medical records.
• Routine physical examination.
• Blood draw or buccal swab (brushing inside the cheek to collect cells) - Tissue is collected for DNA analysis to look for changes in genes that may be related to hearing loss.
• Hearing tests - The subject listens for tones emitted through a small earphone.
• Balance tests to see if balance functions of the inner ear are associated with the hearing loss - In one test the subject wears goggles and watches moving lights while cold or warm air is blown into the ears. A second test involves sitting in a spinning chair in a quiet, dark room.
• Photograph - A photograph may be taken as a record of eye shape and color, distance between the eyes, and hair color.
• Ultrasound tests - An inner ear malformation called EVA (enlargement of the vestibular aqueduct) indicates that a genetic disorder called Pendred syndrome may be the cause. Because thyroid abnormalities are also associated with Pendred syndrome, an ultrasound examination of the thyroid gland may be done. Also, ultrasound examination of the kidneys can detect malformations that may be inherited along with inner ear malformations associated with another genetic disorder called branchio-oto-renal (BOR) syndrome.
• Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans - These tests show the structure of the inner ear. For CT, the subject lies still for a short time while X-ray images are obtained. For MRI, the patient lies on a stretcher that is moved into a cylindrical machine with a strong magnetic field. The magnetic field and radio waves produce images of the inner ear. The radio waves cause loud thumping noises that can be muffled by the use of earplugs.
• Perchlorate discharge test - Patients suspected of having Pendred syndrome will have this diagnostic test, which takes about 5 hours to complete. The patient swallows a capsule containing radioactive iodine, followed about 90 minutes later by three or four capsules of perchlorate, a type of salt. A monitor is then held over the neck and over the thigh for a few minutes once every 30 minutes.